Essay on Animal Experimentation and Research - 2491 Words

Animal Experimentation and Research In the basement of the psychology department here, a poster hangs on the wall; on it is a picture of two white lab rats and a caption that reads, ?They?ve saved more lives than 911.? This poster hangs on the wall of the room where I performed brain surgery on a rat. Many people would be morally opposed to this and any other form of animal research and experimentation and feel that it should be banned. This heated debate has been going on for centuries with each side possessing strong arguments. A central argument to this debate is whether or not animals are moral patients, with feelings anId the ability to suffer, and if we as humans are entitled to use them as means. Many people feel that we†¦show more content†¦Likewise, R.G. Frey, who wrote a book titled Interests and Rights: The Case Against Animals, said that even though animals can experience unpleasant situations, they have no true desires, preferences, or memory (?Right from Wrong? 26). If we consider their ar guments, it is possible to conclude that animals are not on the same level as humans, which morally allows us to use them for experimentation. Clearly, if everyone agreed that an animal is a member of the moral community?meaning on the same level as humans?then we would not have an ongoing debate. Perceiving an animal to be on the same level of humans in terms of moral implications would then mean that we must treat them as equals. This begins to introduce another fundamental issue involved in this debate: suffering. Jeremy Bentham introduced this idea with the ubiquitous statement, ?The question is not, Can they reason? nor Can they talk? but, Can they suffer This ability to suffer is often attributed to somebody who is a member of the moral community. Thus, if we assume animals do suffer, we must consider them equal to be almost equal to humans?at least equal moral patients. Yet, how exactly do we know they are suffering? Animals cannot directly communicate their suffering to us, and they could quite possibly be suffering at times that we do not think they should be. It is easier toShow MoreRelatedAnimals for Research and Experimentation678 Words   |  3 Pages100 million animals are used for research and experimentation on around the world every year. Apart from all the benefits of animal testing there are many good reasons which support banning the experimentations on animals such as: animal cruelty, selfishness, and danger of using the experiments result. Therefore animal experimentation should be banned. These days, animal testing has brought a lot of issues in the society. The first and foremost argument that is presented against animal testing dealsRead MoreResearch Paper Animal Experimentation2167 Words   |  9 PagesAnimal Experimentation i Should Animal Experimentation Be Abandon? Veronica Liang ESL 408C Marcia Rauch November 18, 2011 Animal Experimentation ii Research Paper Outline Title: Should Animal Experimentation be Abandon? I Introduction Thesis Statement: Animal testing is a debatable issue in modern society. Some people argue that animal testing should be kept due to medical benefits and research study conveniences. However, I think animal experimentation should be banned by refutingRead MoreAnimal Experimentation For Scientific Research2520 Words   |  11 PagesAnimal Experimentation for scientific research is a contentious issues and the subject of much debate. On one hand it is considered morally wrong to use animal solely for human benefit. On the other hand, removing animals, completely from the lab would impede any understanding of health, disease and consequently affect the development of new and vital treatments. Two essential questions needed to be asked is does it work and is it ethical? The first is easy : yes it works. However some would sayRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Is Necessary For Medical Research1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthink if an animal tested product is being bought or not? Innumerable people fail to consider how these products came to be or if there was animal experimentation was involved. Many people are oblivious to the appalling occurrences that take place in laboratories involving animal cruelty on a daily basis. Government officials and scientists believe that testing on animals is essential for medical research, but many of the results prove to be irrelevant and the reality is that most animals that are experimentedRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Be Used For Research1600 Words   |  7 Pageswhether the practice of animals research should be used. Many people believe animals are needed for research, while others think it is not fair for animals to be sacrificed and treated poorly during research. Animals used for research has bettered m any human lives by new discoveries and advantages. Many people such as doctors, scientists, hospitals, research institutes use animal research to view how the human body works and to advance in scientific understanding. The first animal experiment started inRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Is The Only Option For Research978 Words   |  4 Pagesthe flu? If your answer is yes, then you can thank animal research because â€Å"Without animal research, medicine as we know it today wouldn’t exist† says Kristen Cook from pro-test.org. So, although animal experimentation can be labeled animal cruelty, sometimes using animals to experiment on is the only option for research. Animal experimentation research has brought many lifesaving medical benefits to the world. The California Biomedical Research Association states that nearly every medical breakthroughRead MoreEssay about Using Animals in Research and Experimentation623 Words   |  3 PagesAnimals should be used for research and Experimentation because if the animals get sick or show any signs of acting abnormal then the scientists know it isn’t safe for humans to use. Animal research has played a big role in nearly every medical breakthrough over the last decade. Animals have the same organ system that perform the same task, which helps determine if what is being tested is safe for humans to use. Most of the medicines animals use the same medicine as humans like antibiotics, painRead More Needless Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation is Wrong939 Words   |  4 PagesNeedless Animal Experimentation is Wrong    If penicillin had been tested on guinea pigs, it might never have reached the public. It is lethal to guinea pigs, deactivates the blood system of rabbits and is deadly to cats (Bio-Medical Research). Scientists are pushing for more experiments regardless of the cost to the animals life. One expense is the involvement of killing animals in the pursuit of a pine-scented air freshener(Vergoth,p21). Animals suffering in experimentation labs areRead More The Cruelty of Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cruelty of Animal Testing and the Need for Alternative Methods In his book Inhumane Society: The American Way of Exploiting Animals, Dr. Michael W. Fox estimates that twenty-five to thirty-five million animals are used in the United States each year for laboratory testing and research (58). Research involving tests done on animals is unnecessary and cruel. More humane methods of research need to be employed. Fox states that animal tests on cosmetics and household products are nothingRead More Horrors of Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Horrors of Animal Testing    The torture and murder of millions of animals annually has been occurring for centuries now. Every year we ignore it, and every year the numbers grow. The act of vivisection or the practice of experimenting on animals began because of religious prohibitions against dissection of human corpses. After religious leaders lifted these prohibitions, it was too late. Vivisection had become a major part of medical and educational research. As well as major part of product

The Prevalence Of Mental Illness - 1182 Words

Silent but deadly as the saying goes. This phrase is used when describing something aggressive or violent that also has an element of surprise, such as a predator stalking its prey, or a stealth bomber in warfare. This phrase could also be applied to mental illness, as many illnesses such as anorexia have frighteningly high mortality rates but often go undetected or undiagnosed for extended periods of time. In addition to their danger, mental illnesses are widespread, with 21.4% of youth experiencing a severe mental disorder at some point during their life (National Alliance of Mental Illness, 2016). The prevalence of mental illness has raised questions of how better to provide healthcare to populations like young people and†¦show more content†¦Mentalhealth.gov defines mental health as including â€Å"emotional, psychological, and social well-being†. A mental illness, or psychological disorders, is, as Barlow and Durand define it, a â€Å"psychological dysfunct ion within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected† (2), and psychological dysfunction is defined as â€Å"a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning† (2). Before the 19th century, mental disorders were largely attributed to supernatural forces such as demons and witches. Treatment was often exorcism, beatings, and other torturous and inhumane practices. But, during the 19th century, there began more and more a search for a biological basis of disorders as well as an attempt to distinguish between different disorders by figures such as Emil Kraepelin. Then, after the mid-19th century, Dorothea Dix spearheaded what is known known as the mental hygiene movement, when she campaigned for reform of the treatment of mental insanity, as current conditions were deplorable. Moving forward, Sigmund Freud and Ivan Pavlov furthered the field of psychology through Freudâ₠¬â„¢s psychoanalytic model and Pavlov’s study of classical conditioning. In 1950, the â€Å"first effective drugs for severe psychotic disorders [were] developed† (Barlow, Durand, 26). Over the course of the last 60 years, the field of psychology hasShow MoreRelatedThe Prevalence Of Mental Illness1348 Words   |  6 PagesMental illness is increasingly being recognized as a challenge faced by many Canadians. The Mental Health Strategy for Canada estimates that ‘in any given year, one in five people in Canada experiences a mental health problem or illness’. (Bartram et al., 2012) The prevalence of mental illness is not exclusive to the Canadian population and it is estimated that these figures are rising. In 2004, the World Health Organization ranked major depression as third in terms of the overall burden of diseasesRead MoreEssay about Prevalence of Mental Illness in our Criminal Justice System2057 Words   |  9 Pages The Prevalence of Mental Illness in our Criminal Justice System Introduction Mental Illness has been prevalent all throughout our history from Isaac Newton to Abraham Lincoln to Sylvia Plath and so on. These illnesses can be as minor as a slight bipolar disorder or as severe as schizophrenia. In recent years, mental illnesses are becoming more prevalent in our criminal justice systems than anywhere else. Mental illness is becoming an association with crime and based on the information that hasRead MoreMental Health : Mental Illness1604 Words   |  7 PagesMENTAL HEALTH REPORT 1.Prevalence is the number of cases of disease in a given population* and is defined with epidemiological data. Mental health is a person’s psychological well-being. Associated diseases have become increasingly prevalent in Australia over the past decade, with a recent advertisement by the ABC highlighting that 50% of Australians will experience a mental illness. Mental illness is responsible for the third largest burden of disease in Australia, making it a priority. †¢ MorbidityRead MoreMental Health : Mental Illness1604 Words   |  7 PagesMENTAL HEALTH REPORT 1.Prevalence is the number of cases of disease in a given population and is defined with epidemiological data. Mental health is a person’s psychological well-being. Associated diseases have become increasingly prevalent in Australia over the past decade, with a recent advertisement by the ABC highlighting that 50% of Australians will experience a mental illness. Mental illness is responsible for the third largest burden of disease in Australia, making it a priority. †¢ MorbidityRead MoreCauses Of Homelessness1405 Words   |  6 Pageswe must understand their mental health and behavioral needs. The information they all share in common are the factors why a specific type of population became homeless. The interrelation of homelessness and mental illness are informed by many factors such as; the lack of support, extreme poverty, substance abuse, lack of affordable health insurance, and lack of affordable housing. The homeless population shares different struggles when dealing with homelessness and mental illnesses because there areRead MoreMental Illness Of Mental Health Disorders1590 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen gathered on mental illnesses and their prevalence. Before around the 1980’s though, the evidence that was gathered on mental illnesses was too inconsistent to be credible. In a survey conducted by the World Health Organization’s department of World Mental Health, data was gathered on the prevalence of mental health disord ers in 14 countries around the world. The results of these surveys conclude that mental health disorders are more prevalent than any other chronic illness. The author of theRead MoreDescriptive Epidemiology Of Major Depressive Disorder In Canada1111 Words   |  5 Pagessurvey called Canadian Community Health Study - Mental Health (CCHS-MH) to evaluate Major Depressive Disorder among their participants. CCHS-MH is an adaptation of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostics. They had a sample of 25, 113 individuals who went through a computer assisted personal interviewer. Their participants were at least 15 years old. In the context of gender, this study states that the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder was higher in womenRead MoreTragedy of Tormented Teenagers: Mental Illness Hits One in Four1429 Words   |  6 PagesMany young Australians suffer from mental illness and are exposed to serious risk of harm. It is found that more tha n one in four teenagers suffer a mental illness and most are not identified or treated (Mcdougall, 2013). Mental illness is the largest risk factor that causes suicidal behaviour and serious psychological distress in young people (Australian Government, 2013). According to Mcdougall (2013), the life expectancy for people with mental illness is 15 to 20 year lower than other AustraliansRead MoreDepression Is A Highly Prevalent Mental Disorder With Estimates1690 Words   |  7 PagesDepression is a highly prevalent mental disorder with estimates indicating that it affects up to 6.7 percent of the United States population age eighteen and older in a given year for Major Depression and 1.5 percent for Persistent Depressive Disorder. The prevalence of mental disorders is the greatest among those who are ages 16 to 24 years of age (ADAA, 2016). The prevalence of youth with mood disorders is 11%, with nearly 50% of youth aged 8 to 15 did not receive mental health services in the previousR ead MoreThe Importance Of Mental Disorders In The Prison System1288 Words   |  6 PagesIn addition, persons with mental disorders are clearly overrepresented in the prison system, when compared to rates of persons in the community with mental disorders, studies found â€Å"that prevalence estimates were three to 12 times higher than in community samples, reaching as high as 64%,† (Prins, S. J., 2014, p. 862) with â€Å"prevalence† being defined as the commonness or occurrence of a mental disorder. The reasoning behind this skewed representation has continually puzzled researchers and led to

Children at work Free Essays

This generation of parents have become more worried about what their children are watching and playing and because of this productiveness’s The British Board of Film Classification (BBC) was established to give age ratings to movies. The board began fully operating in 1985 and since then they have rated thousands of movies. This wasn’t a problem in the ass’s as parents Just accompanied their children in the movies they couldn’t watch alone but because of the growing amount of violence, sexual content and swearing in major motion pictures these days, parents are a lot more reluctant in coming with their children to those blockbuster flimsy they really wanted to watch. We will write a custom essay sample on Children at work or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main themes movies are rated with are: violence, sex, drugs, profanity, nudity, gambling or other types of mature content. However these themes are becoming more prevalent in movies these days and children learn about these things at a younger age so they should be comfortable with these topics. These age rating stop the kids from coming to terms with these topics and it would be much better if they learnt about these things In a movie then through peer pressure and experience. Besides parents underestimate how much their children really know about these tauter topics and the amount of swearing In a mature movie Is about the same thing that you would hear in a high school. This Is why I believe age ratings are pointless and should be eradicated as they aren’t really protected the children from anything just making them want to watch It more, as something becomes more desirable when its not allowed. The same applies to video games but Its a slightly different scenario as It costs only 10 pounds to watch a movie but about 40 pounds to buy a video game. How to cite Children at work, Papers

Accounting Theory and Current Critical Issue

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Current Critical Issue. Answer: Introduction The essay aims to conduct a critical analysis of the article Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research for evaluating the strengths and weakness of the article. The research topic is about examining and analysing the concept of positive approach used in accounting research. The aim of the critical analysis is evaluate the main points illustrated in the article about the research topic. The overall research study is based on argument to what extent has positive accounting theory proved to be useful in achieving scientific objectives of accounting research. The research paper has presented a detailed qualitative analysis on the research topic of positive accounting research. In this regard, the essay has undertaken the critical analysis of the article through examining each and every section of the research study (Dunmore, 2009). The critical analysis of the research article is carried out through summarising the main points, identifying the research question, discussing the theor etical framework and evaluating the significance and limitations of the article. Summary of the Article The present section of the critical analysis has summarised the major points of the research article. The research article has presented the contribution of positive theory in broader accounting research programs and has highlighted its shortcomings to be used in future context in accounting field. The term positive accounting theory was developed by Watts and Zimmerman for the theory established by them to be used in accounting researches. The theory from its development was recognised to be highly important in conducting accounting researches as it was based on natural science phenomena (Chatfiel. and Vangermeersch, 2014). The theory was based on phenomena of natural sciences was thought to be largely effective in explaining cause and effects relationships of human behaviour. The author in the research article has analysed the ontology and epistemology of positivist research program. The author has evaluated the use of positivist theory for statistical hypothetical testing and anal ysed its scientific basis on poppers falsification criterion. The author has depicted the deficiencies of positivist research program and thus has criticised the theory to be used in accounting researches. The author has concluded that although positivist research program is potentially very powerful but its limited practical implementation is the main deficiency of the theory (Dunmore, 2009). The theory of positive accounting is largely been used in accounting researches currently but it is incapable of achieving its scientific objectives. The theory was although believed to be based on principles of natural science but its incapability to achieve quantitative accounting results has questioned its credibility. The theory has not yet proved to be useful in demonstrating empirical evidences for accounting phenomena (Gaffiki and Aitken, 2014). Thus, the theory of positive accounting has not served it purpose well with which it was developed and thus there still exist a need for development of better theoretical models in accounting field. Thus, the author has highlighted all of the above points in the overall research study through varying perspectives of different authors (Dunmore, 2009). Research Question The main research question as identified for the research study can be stated as follows Does positive accounting theory adequately meets the needs and objectives of scientific accounting researches? In the context of this main research question, the study also aims to provide an answer to the following sub-research questions: What are the strengths and weaknesses of positive accounting theory to be used in broader accounting research programs? Does currently used positive accounting theory needs modifications for adequately meeting the scientific objectives of accounting research? Does the use of positive accounting theory in accounting researches should be limited due to is deficiencies in practice? All the above research questions have been extracted from the critical analysis of the literature review of the research article (Dunmore, 2009). Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of the research article has developed from the quantitative analyses carried out in the research study. The qualitative analysis is carried out through the collection and examination of various secondary literary sources related to the research topic. The author has examined the views and opinions of previous researchers on the research topic for achieving a specific answer for the research questions of the study. As analysed from the literature review of the article, the positive accounting theory is based on natural science principles and thus can effectively explain the reality of accounting practices. The theory was mainly developed to provide an explanation of the accounting practices and phenomena for developing an understanding of the reality of accounting (Ghnabari et al., 2016). This was responsible for the widespread implementation of positivist theory in accounting researches. The accounting researches mainly involve demonstrating empirical eviden ces against an observed accounting predictions and this is possible through the implementation of theoretical models able to explain quantitative phenomena (Wickramasinghe and Alawattage, 2012). However, positivist theory seems to be incapable of explaining quantitative accounting phenomena and thus does not seem to be useful in carrying out accounting researches (Dunmore, 2009). The major deficiencies of positive accounting theory as illustrated through the research article are it involves the use of theories for examining accounting phenomena rather than incorporating the use of practical testing. The theory of positive accounting cannot be tested on practical basis for evaluating their usefulness in conducting empirical accounting researches. The theory does not incorporate the logic of hypothesis testing a thus cannot demonstrate practical evidences against an observed accounting prediction identified through the accounting research. The accounting solution proposed through accounting researches needs to be supported by empirical evidences for their use in practice (Kabir, 2007). However, the theory of positive accounting seems to be incapable in demonstrating empirical evidences against an proposed solution for an accounting problem. This was the reason for the widespread criticism of the positive accounting theory and accounting researchers are presentl y questioning the reliability of the theory (Burns, and Needles, 2014). The theoretical framework of the research article has also examined and analysed the scientific basis of positive accounting theory on the basis of Poppers falsification criterion. The falsification criterion proposed by Popper has proposed the criteria on the basis of which a theory should be accepted as scientific. The falsification criterion states that predictions proposed by the scientific theory should be quantitative in nature in order to be tested practically. However, the theory of positive accounting cannot be tested practically and thus its acceptance on scientific basis is questioned. Thus, the falsification criterion proposed by Popper has also stated that positive accounting theory cannot be accepted a scientific theory. The theory of positive accounting can be used for conducting researches based on social science principle and thus rather incapable of carrying out scientific based accounting researches. Thus, the research article have analysed and examined the deficie ncies of positive accounting theory though the help of available secondary literary sources on the research topic. The theoretical framework of the research article has recommended the use of better theoretical models in accounting research for attaining scientific objectives of accounting research. Also, the author through the research article have proposed that positive accounting theory should be used in combination with other theoretical models based on scientific philosophy for attaining accounting researches objectives (Dunmore, 2009). Significance and Limitations of the Article The research article is highly significant as it has emphasised on the use of better and improved theoretical models based on scientific philosophies for conducting accounting researches. The research study will prove to be of extreme importance in accounting filed as it will help in improving the validity and credibility of accounting researches. The accounting researchers will tend to adopt better theoretical models as compared to positive accounting theory for conducting accounting researches. The research study has highlighted that current practice of positivist research in accounting is not capable for meeting its objectives. The theory rather needs modification or should be used in combination with other theories for adequately meeting the objectives of empirical accounting researches (Dunmore, 2009). The views and opinions of different authors illustrated in the research article about positive accounting theory have held in developing an in-depth understanding of the theory deficiencies. The research article will help in development of better accounting theories based on empirical evidences that can effectively conduct accounting researches. The research study was able to develop answer for the research questions proposed through presenting quantitative data in context of all the research questions. The research study will help the business organisations to resolve their accounting issues by developing better theoretical models in field of accounting. Business organisations currently incorporate the use of positive accounting theory for resolving their complex accounting issues. The identification of the shortcomings in the theory and development of better theoretical models will help in enhancing the performance of business organisations through selection of a proper accounting method. Thus, the research study proved to be highly significant for enhancing the performance of business organisations through selection of a proper accounting method proposed by accounting researches (Dunmore, 2009). The research article also have some major limitations that can impact its credibility to be used in future researches held in this context. The major limitation of the research article is that lengthy and complex qualitative analysis. The research methodology adopted by the author in the article is qualitative in nature and has not incorporated the use of any quantitative data. As such, the research study lacks empirical evidences for supporting the theoretical conclusions. Thus, the research study lacks reliability as it has not incorporated the use of practical evidences for supporting theoretical findings. The research methodology selected by the author is not suitable as per the nature of the research topic. The nature of the research topic is objective in nature however, the research study conducted in subjective. The research study lacks objectivity in absence on any quantitative analysis for supporting the theoretical conclusion drawn at the end of the research study (Dunmore, 2009). Conclusion The research study has effectively meets its aims and objectives by presenting a detailed qualitative analysis on the research topic. The qualitative analysis conducted by the author presented the answer for all the research questions developed. However, the author should have incorporated the use of quantitative analysis for developing an accurate answer for the research problem. The quantitative research methodology would also have enhanced the credibility and validity of the research to be used by future researchers. The research article besides these limitations has effectively carried out its purpose of illustrating the major deficiencies in practice of positive accounting research. References Burns, J. O. and Needles, B.E. 2014. Accounting Education for the 21st Century: The Global Challenges. Elsevier. Chatfield, M. and Vangermeersch, R. 2014. The History of Accounting (RLE Accounting): An International Encylopedia. Routledge. Dunmore, P.V. 2009. Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Gaffikin, M. and Aitken, M. 2014. The Development of Accounting Theory (RLE Accounting): Significant Contributors to Accounting Thought in the 20th Century. Routledge. Ghnabari, M. et al. 2016. PAT (Positive Accounting Theory) and Natural Science. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 10(2), pp. 177-182. Kabir, H. 2007. Positive Accounting Theory and Science. Journal of CENTRUM, pp. 136-149. West, B.P. 2003. Professionalism and Accounting Rules. Routledge. Wickramasinghe, D. and Alawattage, C. 2012. Management Accounting Change: Approaches and Perspectives. Routledge.