Milk and Rennin :: essays research papers

Research into Enzymes – For Biology Rennin Rennet, substance found in the gastric juices of young milk-drinking mammals. Rennet contains a milk-coagulating enzyme, called rennin or chymosin, the active principle of rennet preparations used in making cheese and junket. Rennet extracts are commercially prepared from the inner lining of the fourth stomach of calves. Enzymes Enzymes are large proteins that speed up chemical reactions. In their globular structure, one or more polypeptide chains twist and fold, bringing together a small number of amino acids to form the active site, or the location on the enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction takes place. Enzyme and substrate fail to bind if their shapes do not match exactly. This ensures that the enzyme does not participate in the wrong reaction. The enzyme itself is unaffected by the reaction. When the products have been released, the enzyme is ready to bind with a new substrate. Enzyme, any one of many specialized organic substances, composed of polymers of amino acids, that act as catalysts to regulate the speed of the many chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of living organisms. The name enzyme was suggested in 1867 by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kà ¼hne (1837-1900); it is derived from the Greek phrase en zymà §, meaning “in leaven.'; Those enzymes identified now number more than 700. Enzymes are classified into several broad categories, such as hydrolytic, oxidizing, and reducing, depending on the type of reaction they control. Hydrolytic enzymes accelerate reactions in which a substance is broken down into simpler compounds through reaction with water molecules. Oxidizing enzymes, known as oxidases, accelerate oxidation reactions; reducing enzymes speed up reduction reactions, in which oxygen is removed. Many other enzymes catalyze other types of reactions. Individual enzymes are named by adding ase to the name of the substrate with which they react. The enzyme that controls urea decomposition is called urease; those that control protein hydrolyses are known as proteinases. Some enzymes, such as the proteinases trypsin and pepsin, retain the names used before this nomenclature was adopted. PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES As the Swedish chemist Jà ¶ns Jakob Berzelius suggested in 1823, enzymes are typical catalysts: they are capable of increasing the rate of reaction without being consumed in the process. Some enzymes, such as pepsin and trypsin, which bring about the digestion of meat, control many different reactions, whereas others, such as urease, are extremely specific and may accelerate only one reaction.

Professional Values and Awareness Essay

In this assignment I will identify issues that affect the care provided in a home for adults with learning disabilities. Using the â€Å"case study† format I will focus on the interpersonal relationships and identify the underlying factors that influence them, then provide explanations for these by applying established theories. Churton (2000:214) describes a case study as â€Å"a detailed investigation of a single research area†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The case study will form a unique representation of the individuals involved at the time they were observed. As a single study the outcomes may not be representative of all care homes, but it is reasonable to assume many issues may be similar. As a student I was able to observe both staff and clients in their normal routines. I was accepted as a member of the care team and took part in daily activities. This form of research is described in Giddens (1997:542) as â€Å"Participant observation†. Becker describe the role of the researcher as â€Å"someone who watches the people he is studying to see what situations they ordinarily meet and how they behave in them† (cited in Marsh I. 1996:124), however the by taking on a role within the group that justifies their presence the researcher acts as more than a passive observer and becomes a participant. As a stranger to the group my presence will have affected the behaviour of the clients and studies have shown that the presence of students affects the way that qualified staff work (Reed J & Procter S. 1993:31). My own preconceived ideas of Learning disabilities and the staff and clients previous experience of students will all have contributed to the behaviour I witnessed. On my first day at the placement I was introduced to my mentor (the deputy manager). We discussed the homes basic philosophy and the clients’ disabilities. I was introduced to the nine clients, and the staff approximately 15. During this first meeting my mentor made me feel welcome and allayed some of my fears about the placement. Unfortunately other than two brief conversations this was the only time I worked with her over the six-week placement. The staff are mostly female with only four male staff. They were of all ages and came from a mix of races and religions, some single and others married with children. All of the staff are support workers and most have NVQ level 3 or are currently studying towards it. I found all the staff very friendly and felt welcome, but I also felt a like a ‘spare part’, as the clients were encouraged to do things for themselves, very little intervention was necessary. Record keeping, giving medication and supervising the clients at the many activities they attended were the main tasks. The days soon became very predictable with set activities and â€Å"opportunities† to be achieved. The slowness of the day meant that staff talked a lot, discussing personal matters as well as how they felt about the clients and their jobs. Conversation included issues around the low regard support workers had from the general public and other health care professionals, the quantity of paper work to be completed daily and the emphasis placed on it, little support and understanding from the management, and having to attend college in there own time. My personal performance was influenced most by the lack of a mentor. Without a mentor to shadow I would try to â€Å"latch onto† a member of staff only to find that we were on different activities or were at the end of their shift. My shifts and my mentors were not together, when I asked the manager if I could swap my weekend to the same as my mentors, she told me that there was no need for me to work with my mentor at all. I was left feeling very isolated. The need for student and mentor to work together â€Å"as much as possible† to build successful relationship is highlighted in Baillià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½re’s Study Skills for Nurses (Maslin-Prothero1997:32). Good mentoring is a two-way process requiring willingness from both mentor and mentee to build a collaborative relationship (Ellis et al 1995:121, Ajiboye P. 2000:11). Formal mentoring is relatively new to nursing (Maslin-Prothero 1997:51), and is closely related to Project 2000 (Salvage J.1999:14). The ENB define mentors as â€Å"an appropriately qualified and experienced first-level nurse/midwife/health visitor who by example guides assists and supports the student in learning new skills, adopting new behaviour and acquiring new attitudes† (as cited in Quinn F. 1995:188). Mentorship has existed for centuries with references dating back to Greek mythology (Ellis R. et al 1995:109), and it is widely used for career development in business, where mentors are â€Å"role models, talent developers and door openers†(Tyson S. & Jackson T. 1992:121). There are several theories on how mentoring works, most emphasise the mentor as a facilitator allowing the student to experiment while ensuring the safety of the patient/clients, and providing a â€Å"developmental bridge between theory and practice† (Ellis R. et al 1995:109). Communication and interpersonal skills are the foundations on which a successful relationship is built and are therefore essential skills in a mentor (Ellis R. et al 1995:121). However the mentor themselves may be the most important factor. A mentor is a role model good or bad. Hopefully the student will witness a high standard of practice and set their own standards similarly. But when the standard is low it depends on the students’ knowledge of the theory as to whether they choose to imitate the mentor or apply their own higher standard. Bandura (cited in Ellis R. et al 1995:116) describes this process as Social Learning Theory, a three-stage process. Stage 1 Observational Learning: Imitating a good role model Stage 2 Inhibitory/Disinhibitory Effects: bad practice rejected or imitated Stage 3 Eliciting Effect: good practices learned and core knowledge improved. The break down of the mentor mentee relationship on my placement may have been for variety of reasons, poor communication, unrealistic expectations or time constraints. Supernumerary students have time to observe and reflect, but mentors may have an already busy schedule and supervising students can become just another pressure (Reed J. & Procter S. 1993:36). Students in this environment may find themselves being used as â€Å"another pair of hands† (Ajiboye P. 2000:11). Many texts cite good leadership of the manager as vital to forming an atmosphere conducive to learning (Quinn F. 1995:182). A good manager will find time to inspire staff to enthusiastically provide high quality care (Grohar-Murray 1997:125). In the philosophy of care/service values of the placement it states that â€Å"we have a well trained staff who have achieved a NVQ in care or are working towards it† (not referenced to protect confidentiality). However the staff studying the NVQ had to attend college in there own time. This caused resentment towards the management as the staff felt that the qualification was for the company’s benefit, but at their expense. Tappen (1995:69) recognises that by allocating staff time to attend lectures or college days without them incurring financial penalties the outlook is changed from just gaining a ‘paper qualification’ to ‘an opportunity’ to develop skills and increase personal knowledge. Encouraging staff to develop new skills is a great motivator. Motivation has been described as â€Å"the oil that keeps the machinery turning† (Dell T. 1988:59) and is a key element in many leader/management theories. Many motivation theories are based around the concept of fulfilling needs. Maslow (1968 cited in Hogston R. & Simpson P. 1999:295/303) devised a hierarchy with seven levels, the first level are basic physical needs such as food and water progressing up to more psychological needs of self fulfilment. Individuals climb the pyramid a step at a time motivated by fulfilment at the previous level (see appendix 1). Kafka (1986 cited in Tappen 1995:304) offers five basic factors for motivation, Economic security, Control, Recognition, Personal self-worth and Belonging. But unlike Maslow the five may be placed in any order, as one person may be motivated more by the need to belong than the need for money (see appendix 2). Self-esteem/worth and belonging are needs common to both Maslow and Kafka. If managers boost self-esteem by acknowledging good practice and recognising achievements they enhance the feeling of belonging. Without feedback staff often feel overlooked and isolated. To be constructive feedback should contain both positive and negative elements and be based on observed behaviour, given objectively it can highlight areas that need strengthening and increase motivation. Kron (1981 cited in Tappen R. 1995:420) described this â€Å"positive feed back† as a â€Å"psychological paycheque†. The need to belong affects students, when they are included in procedures, and given opportunities to express opinions and don’t feel â€Å"in the way† they become part of the team. Being accepted boosts self-esteem and motivates learning (Oliver R & Endersby C. 1994:94) Dell statement that â€Å"people work harder for recognition than for money†(Dell T. 1988:59) is supported by a study of the affect of incentives such as pay increases and shorter hours. When each incentive was implemented productivity was found to increase. When the incentives were removed and working conditions returned to normal it was expected that the productivity would fall. In fact productivity rose â€Å"to the highest levels ever†. Mayo’s conclusion was that being in the study had caused the group to bond (belong) and that the interest (recognition) showed by researchers had encouraged the workers to achieve the level they believed the researchers expected of them (Mayo E. 1933 cited in Barratt M. & Mottershead A. 1999:74). If the security of â€Å"belonging† is absent self-esteem deteriorates which can lead to an â€Å"increase in complaints and fatigue†¦and absenteeism is likely to rise†(Barratt M.& Mottershead A. 1999:73). Lack of appreciation and support are two of the ten factors cited by Tappen (1995:455) that contribute to ‘burnout’. As the â€Å"most caring and most highly committed are often the ones most prone to burnout† (Eisenstat & Felner cited in Crawford J. 1990:48) it’s frequently linked to health care. Burnout is defined as, (Kozier B et al 2000:1387). † an overwhelming feeling that can lead to physical and emotional depletion, a negative attitude and self concept, and feelings of helplessness and hopelessness† There are many methods to prevent burnout. One of these I observed, and have been guilty of my self, is the ability to suddenly become deaf. For example one client would continually ask for a ‘cup of tea’, to which staff would respond ‘you’ve just had one’ and the client would reply ‘I’ve just had one’ and walk away. But if the frequency of requests increased or they interrupted another activity staff would often pretend not to hear, they would ovoid eye contact and turn away. By ignoring the client it extended the periods between acknowledged requests. For the same reason this client was always last to receive his cup of tea when it was being made for the group. This coping mechanism ‘denial’ is one of many established ways to deal with stress (Kenworthy N. 1996:91). In denial you reject the thing that is unacceptable choosing to believe it isn’t there. Denial is very similar to ‘repression’ where although aware of the feelings you block them out, Tappen suggest that this can leave the caregiver with a â€Å"vague sense of unease† towards the client. Having denied hearing the request staff would then repress their guilt, leaving them with an uneasy feeling towards the client. This practice while not acceptable, had no long-term affects on the client as he would simply ask again a few minutes later, however if all requests where dealt with in the same way it could become harmful to the client (Tappen R. 1995:11). Another behaviour I witnessed was the reliance on PRN medication; a different client was very vocal following staff around the home asking questions about her forthcoming blood test. After a couple of failed attempts to reassure her it was decided she needed PRN to clam her down. The staff had coped by rationalising the situation. Rationalisation uses one explanation to cover up a less acceptable one i.e. their reason for giving the medication was to calm the client down. But the real reason was it would stop her bothering them with questions. (Tappen R.1995:11). Often in learning disabilities carers see a client’s failure to behave in an acceptable way or achieve targets as a personal failure (Brown H. Smith H. 1992:95). These failures or ‘client losses’ are another factor that contributes to burnout (Tappen R.1995:455). Other factors often experience by learning disabilities cares also contribute to burnout such as ‘low pay’, ‘discrimination’ and ‘inadequate advancement opportunities’. Learning disabilities are often referred to as â€Å"the Cinderella of the Cinderella services†(Parish C. 2001:13), and as such tend to attract the least skilled workers, who are given a low status even in relationship to carers in other fields (Brown H. & Smith H. 1992:93). Care is traditionally seen as â€Å"women’s work† and therefore â€Å"unskilled and unworthy† (Brown H. & Smith H. 1992:162/166). This is reflected in the fact that care staff are predominately women working part time, earning low levels of pay and having few opportunities to advance their careers (Hudson B. 2000: 88). Care work is rarely undertaken solely for financial gain; often the motives are more altruistic (Dagnan D. 1994:127). A study into staff satisfaction found that â₠¬Å"in spite of low pay† care staff â€Å"found rewards in the close nature of the caring relationship† (Hudson B. 2000:89). Recent government white papers ‘NHS and Community Care Act’ and ‘Valuing People’ aim to enhance the status of learning disabilities by reorganising the way that the service is provided (Beacock C. 2001:23), and â€Å"give those working in social care a new status which fits the work they do† (Hudson B. 2000:99). These proposals may ultimately improve the status of the service, but in the short term the changes are creating more paperwork, require new skills, and are leading to greater job insecurity. These factors are adding to an already stressful job (Hudson B. 2000:96). Studies found that the main causes of stress for care workers were â€Å"the inability to provide service users with what they needed, accountability or responsibility without power, frustration at office politics and uncertainty about the future† (Hudson B. 2000:90). ‘Powerlessness’ and ‘unresponsiveness to client needs’ added to ‘too much paper work’ are more factors that can contribute to burnout (Tappen R. 1995:456). Care staff are under a great deal of pressure, in their daily work they face all of the ten factors that contribute to burnout. This must ultimately have an affect on the way care is provided. I have no doubt that the staff at my placement are genuinely caring people who do their best to provide a high standard of care for their clients. However sometimes the quality of care I witnessed reflected the pressures they were facing. Only when the attitudes towards care work improve will its status be increased. This would in turn see a rise in pay and a decrease in the stress felt by carers, which would have the end result of improving the care received by clients. References Ajiboye P. (2000) Learning partners. No Limits. Autumn 2000 pp.11 Barratt M. Mottershead A. (1999) Understanding Industry. 5th Edition. London, Hodder & Stoughton. Beacock C. (2001) Come in from the cold. Nursing Standard. Vol.15 no.28 pp.23 Brown H. Smith H. {Editors} (1992) Normalisation: a reader for the nineties. London, Routledge. Churton M. (2000) Theory and Method. London, Macmillan Press Ltd Crawford J. (1990) Maintaining Staff Morale: the value of a staff training and support network. Mental Handicap. Vol. 18 June pp.48-52 Dagnan D. (1994) The Stresses and Rewards of Being a Carer in a Family Placement Scheme for People with Learning Disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. Vol.22 1994 pp.127-129 Dell T. (1998) How to Motivate People: a guide for managers. California, Crisp Publications Inc. Ellis R. Gates R. {Editors} (1995) Interpersonal Communication in Nursing: Theory and Practice. Kenworthy N. London, Churchill Livingstone. Grohar-Murray M, DiCroce H. (1997) Leadership and Management in Nursing. 2nd Edition. Connecticut, Appelton and Lange. Giddens A. (1997) Sociology. 3rd edition. Cambridge, Polity Press. Hudson B. Editor (2000) The Changing Role of Social Care. London, Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd. Hogston R, Simpson P. {Editors} (1999) Foundations of Nursing Practice. London, Macmillan Press Ltd. Kenworthy N, Snowley G. (1996) Common Foundation Studies in Nursing. 2nd Edition. Gilling C. Singapore, Churchill Livingstone. Kozier B. Erb G. Berman A. (2000) Fundamentals of Nursing: concepts, process, and practice. Burke K. 6th Edition. New Jersey. Prentice-Hall Inc. Marsh I. (1996) Making sense of society: an introduction to sociology. London, Longman. Masllin-Prothero S. (1997) Baillià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½re’s Study Skills for Nurses. London, Hardcourt Brace and Company Ltd. Oliver R. Endersby C. (1994) Teaching and Assessing Nurses: a handbook for preceptors. London, Baillià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½re and Tindall. Parish C. (2001) Take the reins. Nursing Standard.Vol.15 no.29 pp.12-13 Quinn F. (1995) The Principles and Practice of Nurse Education.3rd Edition. Cheltenham, Stanley Thornes (Pulishers) Ltd. Reed J. Procter S. (1993) Nurse Education – A reflective approach. London, Edward Arnold. Salvage J. {Editor} (1999) Nursing Times Student Pack. London, Nursing Times. Tappen R. (1995) Nursing Leadership and Management: concepts and practice. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia, F. A. Davis Company. Tyson S. Jackson T. (1992) The Essence of Organizational Behaviour. Hemel Hempstead, Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd. Bibliography Bartlett C. Bunning K. (1997) The Importance of Communication Partnerships: A study to investigate the communicative exchanges between staff and adults with learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. Vol.25 (1997) pp.148-154 Brigham L. Atkinson D, (2000) Crossing Boundaries, Change and Continuity in the History of Jackson M, Rolph S, Walmsley J. Learning Disability. Plymouth, BILD Publications. Booth T. Simons K. (1990) Outward bound: Relocation and community care for people with Booth W. learning difficulties. Buckingham, Open University Press. Clegg A. (2000) Leadership: improving the quality of patient care. Nursing Standard.Vol.14 no.30 pp.43-45 Clissett P. (2001) The Effectiveness of NVQ Training. Nursing Management. Vol. 8 no. 1 pp.11-13. Clutterbuck D. (1991) Everyone needs a Mentor: fostering talent at work. 2nd Edition. London, Institute of Personnel Management. Dinsdale P. (2001) Community spirit. Nursing Standard. Vol.15 no.39 pp.14 Gray J. 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Competitive Strengths of Audi in Its International Business Strategy Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Audi has considered the economic environment in its international business strategy over the last five years. Audi expanded and developed international markets that are characterized by high economic growth, high levels of disposable consumer incomes, currency stability and low-interest rates (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011, p 376). Markets such as Japan, China, Belgium, and North America are currently experiencing high economic growth thus Audi will increase its revenues and profitability in the international markets. The international business strategy of Audi has catered for the social environment trends over the last five years. The international market has experienced high growth in educated and young professionals who desire luxury cars as a symbol of social status. In addition, the international market is currently experiencing changes in attitudes towards cars since many car buyers currently consider the fuel consumption capacity, luxury, and safety of the vehicle be fore making the purchase decision (Sekhar, 2009, p 381). The international market has experienced rapid advances in vehicle manufacturing technology. Audi has been using quite advanced manufacturing systems in order to maintain the standards of care products and ensure the safety of the cars (Mathur, 2011, p 198). We will write a custom essay sample on Competitive Strengths of Audi in Its International Business Strategy or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Audi relies on modern power systems and fuel transmission systems in order to maintain a competitive edge in the luxury car market. In addition, Audi committed a lot of funds in research and development activities that have improved the car manufacturing technology in all the markets of its operation. Audi has complied with the legal environment and safety standards regulations concerning vehicle quality in different jurisdictions (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011). Audi has ensured that the quality standards in terms of carbon emissions, braking systems, power systems, and engine transmissions meet the local standards of local countries (Aswathappa, 2006, p 56).

Essay on Animal Experimentation and Research - 2491 Words

Animal Experimentation and Research In the basement of the psychology department here, a poster hangs on the wall; on it is a picture of two white lab rats and a caption that reads, ?They?ve saved more lives than 911.? This poster hangs on the wall of the room where I performed brain surgery on a rat. Many people would be morally opposed to this and any other form of animal research and experimentation and feel that it should be banned. This heated debate has been going on for centuries with each side possessing strong arguments. A central argument to this debate is whether or not animals are moral patients, with feelings anId the ability to suffer, and if we as humans are entitled to use them as means. Many people feel that we†¦show more content†¦Likewise, R.G. Frey, who wrote a book titled Interests and Rights: The Case Against Animals, said that even though animals can experience unpleasant situations, they have no true desires, preferences, or memory (?Right from Wrong? 26). If we consider their ar guments, it is possible to conclude that animals are not on the same level as humans, which morally allows us to use them for experimentation. Clearly, if everyone agreed that an animal is a member of the moral community?meaning on the same level as humans?then we would not have an ongoing debate. Perceiving an animal to be on the same level of humans in terms of moral implications would then mean that we must treat them as equals. This begins to introduce another fundamental issue involved in this debate: suffering. Jeremy Bentham introduced this idea with the ubiquitous statement, ?The question is not, Can they reason? nor Can they talk? but, Can they suffer This ability to suffer is often attributed to somebody who is a member of the moral community. Thus, if we assume animals do suffer, we must consider them equal to be almost equal to humans?at least equal moral patients. Yet, how exactly do we know they are suffering? Animals cannot directly communicate their suffering to us, and they could quite possibly be suffering at times that we do not think they should be. It is easier toShow MoreRelatedAnimals for Research and Experimentation678 Words   |  3 Pages100 million animals are used for research and experimentation on around the world every year. Apart from all the benefits of animal testing there are many good reasons which support banning the experimentations on animals such as: animal cruelty, selfishness, and danger of using the experiments result. Therefore animal experimentation should be banned. These days, animal testing has brought a lot of issues in the society. The first and foremost argument that is presented against animal testing dealsRead MoreResearch Paper Animal Experimentation2167 Words   |  9 PagesAnimal Experimentation i Should Animal Experimentation Be Abandon? Veronica Liang ESL 408C Marcia Rauch November 18, 2011 Animal Experimentation ii Research Paper Outline Title: Should Animal Experimentation be Abandon? I Introduction Thesis Statement: Animal testing is a debatable issue in modern society. Some people argue that animal testing should be kept due to medical benefits and research study conveniences. However, I think animal experimentation should be banned by refutingRead MoreAnimal Experimentation For Scientific Research2520 Words   |  11 PagesAnimal Experimentation for scientific research is a contentious issues and the subject of much debate. On one hand it is considered morally wrong to use animal solely for human benefit. On the other hand, removing animals, completely from the lab would impede any understanding of health, disease and consequently affect the development of new and vital treatments. Two essential questions needed to be asked is does it work and is it ethical? The first is easy : yes it works. However some would sayRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Is Necessary For Medical Research1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthink if an animal tested product is being bought or not? Innumerable people fail to consider how these products came to be or if there was animal experimentation was involved. Many people are oblivious to the appalling occurrences that take place in laboratories involving animal cruelty on a daily basis. Government officials and scientists believe that testing on animals is essential for medical research, but many of the results prove to be irrelevant and the reality is that most animals that are experimentedRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Be Used For Research1600 Words   |  7 Pageswhether the practice of animals research should be used. Many people believe animals are needed for research, while others think it is not fair for animals to be sacrificed and treated poorly during research. Animals used for research has bettered m any human lives by new discoveries and advantages. Many people such as doctors, scientists, hospitals, research institutes use animal research to view how the human body works and to advance in scientific understanding. The first animal experiment started inRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Is The Only Option For Research978 Words   |  4 Pagesthe flu? If your answer is yes, then you can thank animal research because â€Å"Without animal research, medicine as we know it today wouldn’t exist† says Kristen Cook from pro-test.org. So, although animal experimentation can be labeled animal cruelty, sometimes using animals to experiment on is the only option for research. Animal experimentation research has brought many lifesaving medical benefits to the world. The California Biomedical Research Association states that nearly every medical breakthroughRead MoreEssay about Using Animals in Research and Experimentation623 Words   |  3 PagesAnimals should be used for research and Experimentation because if the animals get sick or show any signs of acting abnormal then the scientists know it isn’t safe for humans to use. Animal research has played a big role in nearly every medical breakthrough over the last decade. Animals have the same organ system that perform the same task, which helps determine if what is being tested is safe for humans to use. Most of the medicines animals use the same medicine as humans like antibiotics, painRead More Needless Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation is Wrong939 Words   |  4 PagesNeedless Animal Experimentation is Wrong    If penicillin had been tested on guinea pigs, it might never have reached the public. It is lethal to guinea pigs, deactivates the blood system of rabbits and is deadly to cats (Bio-Medical Research). Scientists are pushing for more experiments regardless of the cost to the animals life. One expense is the involvement of killing animals in the pursuit of a pine-scented air freshener(Vergoth,p21). Animals suffering in experimentation labs areRead More The Cruelty of Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cruelty of Animal Testing and the Need for Alternative Methods In his book Inhumane Society: The American Way of Exploiting Animals, Dr. Michael W. Fox estimates that twenty-five to thirty-five million animals are used in the United States each year for laboratory testing and research (58). Research involving tests done on animals is unnecessary and cruel. More humane methods of research need to be employed. Fox states that animal tests on cosmetics and household products are nothingRead More Horrors of Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Horrors of Animal Testing    The torture and murder of millions of animals annually has been occurring for centuries now. Every year we ignore it, and every year the numbers grow. The act of vivisection or the practice of experimenting on animals began because of religious prohibitions against dissection of human corpses. After religious leaders lifted these prohibitions, it was too late. Vivisection had become a major part of medical and educational research. As well as major part of product

The Prevalence Of Mental Illness - 1182 Words

Silent but deadly as the saying goes. This phrase is used when describing something aggressive or violent that also has an element of surprise, such as a predator stalking its prey, or a stealth bomber in warfare. This phrase could also be applied to mental illness, as many illnesses such as anorexia have frighteningly high mortality rates but often go undetected or undiagnosed for extended periods of time. In addition to their danger, mental illnesses are widespread, with 21.4% of youth experiencing a severe mental disorder at some point during their life (National Alliance of Mental Illness, 2016). The prevalence of mental illness has raised questions of how better to provide healthcare to populations like young people and†¦show more content†¦Mentalhealth.gov defines mental health as including â€Å"emotional, psychological, and social well-being†. A mental illness, or psychological disorders, is, as Barlow and Durand define it, a â€Å"psychological dysfunct ion within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected† (2), and psychological dysfunction is defined as â€Å"a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning† (2). Before the 19th century, mental disorders were largely attributed to supernatural forces such as demons and witches. Treatment was often exorcism, beatings, and other torturous and inhumane practices. But, during the 19th century, there began more and more a search for a biological basis of disorders as well as an attempt to distinguish between different disorders by figures such as Emil Kraepelin. Then, after the mid-19th century, Dorothea Dix spearheaded what is known known as the mental hygiene movement, when she campaigned for reform of the treatment of mental insanity, as current conditions were deplorable. Moving forward, Sigmund Freud and Ivan Pavlov furthered the field of psychology through Freudâ₠¬â„¢s psychoanalytic model and Pavlov’s study of classical conditioning. In 1950, the â€Å"first effective drugs for severe psychotic disorders [were] developed† (Barlow, Durand, 26). Over the course of the last 60 years, the field of psychology hasShow MoreRelatedThe Prevalence Of Mental Illness1348 Words   |  6 PagesMental illness is increasingly being recognized as a challenge faced by many Canadians. The Mental Health Strategy for Canada estimates that ‘in any given year, one in five people in Canada experiences a mental health problem or illness’. (Bartram et al., 2012) The prevalence of mental illness is not exclusive to the Canadian population and it is estimated that these figures are rising. In 2004, the World Health Organization ranked major depression as third in terms of the overall burden of diseasesRead MoreEssay about Prevalence of Mental Illness in our Criminal Justice System2057 Words   |  9 Pages The Prevalence of Mental Illness in our Criminal Justice System Introduction Mental Illness has been prevalent all throughout our history from Isaac Newton to Abraham Lincoln to Sylvia Plath and so on. These illnesses can be as minor as a slight bipolar disorder or as severe as schizophrenia. In recent years, mental illnesses are becoming more prevalent in our criminal justice systems than anywhere else. Mental illness is becoming an association with crime and based on the information that hasRead MoreMental Health : Mental Illness1604 Words   |  7 PagesMENTAL HEALTH REPORT 1.Prevalence is the number of cases of disease in a given population* and is defined with epidemiological data. Mental health is a person’s psychological well-being. Associated diseases have become increasingly prevalent in Australia over the past decade, with a recent advertisement by the ABC highlighting that 50% of Australians will experience a mental illness. Mental illness is responsible for the third largest burden of disease in Australia, making it a priority. †¢ MorbidityRead MoreMental Health : Mental Illness1604 Words   |  7 PagesMENTAL HEALTH REPORT 1.Prevalence is the number of cases of disease in a given population and is defined with epidemiological data. Mental health is a person’s psychological well-being. Associated diseases have become increasingly prevalent in Australia over the past decade, with a recent advertisement by the ABC highlighting that 50% of Australians will experience a mental illness. Mental illness is responsible for the third largest burden of disease in Australia, making it a priority. †¢ MorbidityRead MoreCauses Of Homelessness1405 Words   |  6 Pageswe must understand their mental health and behavioral needs. 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Children at work Free Essays

This generation of parents have become more worried about what their children are watching and playing and because of this productiveness’s The British Board of Film Classification (BBC) was established to give age ratings to movies. The board began fully operating in 1985 and since then they have rated thousands of movies. This wasn’t a problem in the ass’s as parents Just accompanied their children in the movies they couldn’t watch alone but because of the growing amount of violence, sexual content and swearing in major motion pictures these days, parents are a lot more reluctant in coming with their children to those blockbuster flimsy they really wanted to watch. We will write a custom essay sample on Children at work or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main themes movies are rated with are: violence, sex, drugs, profanity, nudity, gambling or other types of mature content. However these themes are becoming more prevalent in movies these days and children learn about these things at a younger age so they should be comfortable with these topics. These age rating stop the kids from coming to terms with these topics and it would be much better if they learnt about these things In a movie then through peer pressure and experience. Besides parents underestimate how much their children really know about these tauter topics and the amount of swearing In a mature movie Is about the same thing that you would hear in a high school. This Is why I believe age ratings are pointless and should be eradicated as they aren’t really protected the children from anything just making them want to watch It more, as something becomes more desirable when its not allowed. The same applies to video games but Its a slightly different scenario as It costs only 10 pounds to watch a movie but about 40 pounds to buy a video game. How to cite Children at work, Papers

Accounting Theory and Current Critical Issue

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Current Critical Issue. Answer: Introduction The essay aims to conduct a critical analysis of the article Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research for evaluating the strengths and weakness of the article. The research topic is about examining and analysing the concept of positive approach used in accounting research. The aim of the critical analysis is evaluate the main points illustrated in the article about the research topic. The overall research study is based on argument to what extent has positive accounting theory proved to be useful in achieving scientific objectives of accounting research. The research paper has presented a detailed qualitative analysis on the research topic of positive accounting research. In this regard, the essay has undertaken the critical analysis of the article through examining each and every section of the research study (Dunmore, 2009). The critical analysis of the research article is carried out through summarising the main points, identifying the research question, discussing the theor etical framework and evaluating the significance and limitations of the article. Summary of the Article The present section of the critical analysis has summarised the major points of the research article. The research article has presented the contribution of positive theory in broader accounting research programs and has highlighted its shortcomings to be used in future context in accounting field. The term positive accounting theory was developed by Watts and Zimmerman for the theory established by them to be used in accounting researches. The theory from its development was recognised to be highly important in conducting accounting researches as it was based on natural science phenomena (Chatfiel. and Vangermeersch, 2014). The theory was based on phenomena of natural sciences was thought to be largely effective in explaining cause and effects relationships of human behaviour. The author in the research article has analysed the ontology and epistemology of positivist research program. The author has evaluated the use of positivist theory for statistical hypothetical testing and anal ysed its scientific basis on poppers falsification criterion. The author has depicted the deficiencies of positivist research program and thus has criticised the theory to be used in accounting researches. The author has concluded that although positivist research program is potentially very powerful but its limited practical implementation is the main deficiency of the theory (Dunmore, 2009). The theory of positive accounting is largely been used in accounting researches currently but it is incapable of achieving its scientific objectives. The theory was although believed to be based on principles of natural science but its incapability to achieve quantitative accounting results has questioned its credibility. The theory has not yet proved to be useful in demonstrating empirical evidences for accounting phenomena (Gaffiki and Aitken, 2014). Thus, the theory of positive accounting has not served it purpose well with which it was developed and thus there still exist a need for development of better theoretical models in accounting field. Thus, the author has highlighted all of the above points in the overall research study through varying perspectives of different authors (Dunmore, 2009). Research Question The main research question as identified for the research study can be stated as follows Does positive accounting theory adequately meets the needs and objectives of scientific accounting researches? In the context of this main research question, the study also aims to provide an answer to the following sub-research questions: What are the strengths and weaknesses of positive accounting theory to be used in broader accounting research programs? Does currently used positive accounting theory needs modifications for adequately meeting the scientific objectives of accounting research? Does the use of positive accounting theory in accounting researches should be limited due to is deficiencies in practice? All the above research questions have been extracted from the critical analysis of the literature review of the research article (Dunmore, 2009). Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of the research article has developed from the quantitative analyses carried out in the research study. The qualitative analysis is carried out through the collection and examination of various secondary literary sources related to the research topic. The author has examined the views and opinions of previous researchers on the research topic for achieving a specific answer for the research questions of the study. As analysed from the literature review of the article, the positive accounting theory is based on natural science principles and thus can effectively explain the reality of accounting practices. The theory was mainly developed to provide an explanation of the accounting practices and phenomena for developing an understanding of the reality of accounting (Ghnabari et al., 2016). This was responsible for the widespread implementation of positivist theory in accounting researches. The accounting researches mainly involve demonstrating empirical eviden ces against an observed accounting predictions and this is possible through the implementation of theoretical models able to explain quantitative phenomena (Wickramasinghe and Alawattage, 2012). However, positivist theory seems to be incapable of explaining quantitative accounting phenomena and thus does not seem to be useful in carrying out accounting researches (Dunmore, 2009). The major deficiencies of positive accounting theory as illustrated through the research article are it involves the use of theories for examining accounting phenomena rather than incorporating the use of practical testing. The theory of positive accounting cannot be tested on practical basis for evaluating their usefulness in conducting empirical accounting researches. The theory does not incorporate the logic of hypothesis testing a thus cannot demonstrate practical evidences against an observed accounting prediction identified through the accounting research. The accounting solution proposed through accounting researches needs to be supported by empirical evidences for their use in practice (Kabir, 2007). However, the theory of positive accounting seems to be incapable in demonstrating empirical evidences against an proposed solution for an accounting problem. This was the reason for the widespread criticism of the positive accounting theory and accounting researchers are presentl y questioning the reliability of the theory (Burns, and Needles, 2014). The theoretical framework of the research article has also examined and analysed the scientific basis of positive accounting theory on the basis of Poppers falsification criterion. The falsification criterion proposed by Popper has proposed the criteria on the basis of which a theory should be accepted as scientific. The falsification criterion states that predictions proposed by the scientific theory should be quantitative in nature in order to be tested practically. However, the theory of positive accounting cannot be tested practically and thus its acceptance on scientific basis is questioned. Thus, the falsification criterion proposed by Popper has also stated that positive accounting theory cannot be accepted a scientific theory. The theory of positive accounting can be used for conducting researches based on social science principle and thus rather incapable of carrying out scientific based accounting researches. Thus, the research article have analysed and examined the deficie ncies of positive accounting theory though the help of available secondary literary sources on the research topic. The theoretical framework of the research article has recommended the use of better theoretical models in accounting research for attaining scientific objectives of accounting research. Also, the author through the research article have proposed that positive accounting theory should be used in combination with other theoretical models based on scientific philosophy for attaining accounting researches objectives (Dunmore, 2009). Significance and Limitations of the Article The research article is highly significant as it has emphasised on the use of better and improved theoretical models based on scientific philosophies for conducting accounting researches. The research study will prove to be of extreme importance in accounting filed as it will help in improving the validity and credibility of accounting researches. The accounting researchers will tend to adopt better theoretical models as compared to positive accounting theory for conducting accounting researches. The research study has highlighted that current practice of positivist research in accounting is not capable for meeting its objectives. The theory rather needs modification or should be used in combination with other theories for adequately meeting the objectives of empirical accounting researches (Dunmore, 2009). The views and opinions of different authors illustrated in the research article about positive accounting theory have held in developing an in-depth understanding of the theory deficiencies. The research article will help in development of better accounting theories based on empirical evidences that can effectively conduct accounting researches. The research study was able to develop answer for the research questions proposed through presenting quantitative data in context of all the research questions. The research study will help the business organisations to resolve their accounting issues by developing better theoretical models in field of accounting. Business organisations currently incorporate the use of positive accounting theory for resolving their complex accounting issues. The identification of the shortcomings in the theory and development of better theoretical models will help in enhancing the performance of business organisations through selection of a proper accounting method. Thus, the research study proved to be highly significant for enhancing the performance of business organisations through selection of a proper accounting method proposed by accounting researches (Dunmore, 2009). The research article also have some major limitations that can impact its credibility to be used in future researches held in this context. The major limitation of the research article is that lengthy and complex qualitative analysis. The research methodology adopted by the author in the article is qualitative in nature and has not incorporated the use of any quantitative data. As such, the research study lacks empirical evidences for supporting the theoretical conclusions. Thus, the research study lacks reliability as it has not incorporated the use of practical evidences for supporting theoretical findings. The research methodology selected by the author is not suitable as per the nature of the research topic. The nature of the research topic is objective in nature however, the research study conducted in subjective. The research study lacks objectivity in absence on any quantitative analysis for supporting the theoretical conclusion drawn at the end of the research study (Dunmore, 2009). Conclusion The research study has effectively meets its aims and objectives by presenting a detailed qualitative analysis on the research topic. The qualitative analysis conducted by the author presented the answer for all the research questions developed. However, the author should have incorporated the use of quantitative analysis for developing an accurate answer for the research problem. The quantitative research methodology would also have enhanced the credibility and validity of the research to be used by future researchers. The research article besides these limitations has effectively carried out its purpose of illustrating the major deficiencies in practice of positive accounting research. References Burns, J. O. and Needles, B.E. 2014. Accounting Education for the 21st Century: The Global Challenges. Elsevier. Chatfield, M. and Vangermeersch, R. 2014. The History of Accounting (RLE Accounting): An International Encylopedia. Routledge. Dunmore, P.V. 2009. Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Gaffikin, M. and Aitken, M. 2014. The Development of Accounting Theory (RLE Accounting): Significant Contributors to Accounting Thought in the 20th Century. Routledge. Ghnabari, M. et al. 2016. PAT (Positive Accounting Theory) and Natural Science. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 10(2), pp. 177-182. Kabir, H. 2007. Positive Accounting Theory and Science. Journal of CENTRUM, pp. 136-149. West, B.P. 2003. Professionalism and Accounting Rules. Routledge. Wickramasinghe, D. and Alawattage, C. 2012. Management Accounting Change: Approaches and Perspectives. Routledge.